ABSTRACT Cyperus rotundus Linn. is the approved source of Musta is an important Ayurvedic drug used in India to cure number of diseases like fever, diarrhoea, cough, vomiting, thirst, epilepsy, eye diseases, vatarakta etc. Whereas in South Indian market the rhizome of Kyllinga bulbosa P. Beauv. is sold as Musta. In the present work detailed information related to Pharmacognosy of Cyperus rotundus and Kyllinga bulbosa (Cyperaceae) have been carried out to differentiate each other for the correct identification. The study revealed that the Cyperus rotundus is having stoleniferous rhizome with the maximum height of 40 cm and Kyllinga bulbosa is having creeping rhizome with 20 cm height; size of the tubers are big and small; spike is umbellate and capitate; number of flowers are more and less on spikelet and stigma are 3 and 2 respectively. Hypodermis made up of stone cells of 10 – 12 layers with polygonal shape and well developed pits in Cyperus rotundus and in Kyllinga bulbosa 6 – 8 layers with round and elongated cells with simple pits; ground tissue is made up of parenchyma cells with hexagonal and round to polygonal; amphivasal vascular bundles vary from 28 - 30 and 18 – 20 respectively. Tannin content in both cortex and ground tissue was noticed in Kyllinga bulbosa . Cell size of hypodermis, cortex, pericycle and phloem are bigger in the Cyperus rotundus compared to Kyllinga bulbosa.

Keywords: Pharmacognosy, Cyperus rotundus, Kyllinga bulbosa, Ayurveda, Musta.

ABSTRACT

To develop a simple, precise and accurate UV-method with multivariate calibration technique for estimation of emtricitabine in bulk form. This technique is based on the use of the linear regression equations by using relationship between  concentration and absorbance at five different wavelengths  like 287, 289, 291, 293 and 295. The results were treated statistically and were found highly accurate, precise and reproducible. The emtricitabine shows absorption maxima at 291 nm and obeyed Beer’s law in the range of 1-10 µg/mL. The % recovery of capsules was found to be in the range of 99.16-100.41.  The low % RSD values are indicates the accuracy and precise of the method. The proposed methods can be successfully applied for method development, validation and multivariate analysis of emtricitabine.

Keywords: Emtricitabine, UV spectroscopy, Development, Validation and Multivariate technique. 

ABSTRACT In recent decades different modern technological attempts have been explored in the research and development of controlled release oral drug delivery systems to cross the barriers of physiological adversities, like unpredictable gastric emptying times (GET) and short gastric residence times (GRT). The most successful approaches in the reigon of oral delayed release drug delivery is gastroretentive drug delivery system (GRDDS). Drugs with a narrow absorption window and having well to moderate solubility in gastric fluids are rapidly eliminated from stomach due to rapid gastric transit. GRDDS delay the retention time of dosage forms in the stomach or proximal part of gastro intestinal tract (GIT), so that it enhances solubility, ultimately bioavailability of drugs and therapeutic efficacy of the dosage form as well. Various methodologies have been adopted to enhance the gastric residence time of drugs, such as floating system, sedimentation or high density system expanding or swelling systems, bio/mucoadhesive system, hydro dynamically balanced system, geometry or modified shape system. This article aims to review the current & recent developments of gastric floating drug delivery systems to provide basic principles useful to overcome the difficulties associated with formulation design carrying wide range of drugs. Keywords: Raft forming system, Gastric emptying time, Mucoadhesive systems, Floating lag time, Hydrodynamically balanced system.

ABSTRACT

Developing new drugs requires great amount of research work in Chemistry, Manufacturing, Controls, preclinical science and clinical trials. Drug reviewers in regulatory agencies around the world bear the responsibility of evaluating whether the research data support the safety, efficacy and quality control of a new drug product to serve the public health. Every country has its own regulatory authority, which is responsible to enforce the rules and regulations and issue the guidelines to regulate the marketing of the drugs. This article focuses on drug approval process in different countries like USA, Europe and Japan.

Keywords: MAA, USFDA, Drug approval process, Clinical Trial.

ABSTRACT The aim of present study is to formulate and evaluate Flurbiprofen Pulsatile Drug Delivery system by press coated method to mimic the circadian rhythm of the disease by releasing the drug with a distinct predetermined lag time of 6 hours. The basic design of the system consists of a rapid release core and controlled release coat. A combination of HPMC K 15M, HPMC K100M, Karaya Gum, Sodium Alginate, was used as a coating material for the tablet. Nine formulations (F1-F6) of the core were prepared by using CCS, SSG and CP as disintegrants in different proportions (5% & 7%) to study the effect of variable concentrations of these on the characteristics of the formulation. Core blend was evaluated for flow properties, hardness, thickness, friability and in-vitro drug release. Among the six formulations, F1 containing CP (5%) as disintegrant showed a better drug release of 100% over 15mins was selected .The core was coated with of HPMC K 15M, HPMC K100M, Karaya Gum, Sodium Alginate with different polymer ratios (P1F1- P8F1). Among these, P8F1was optimized formulation based on the lag time and percent of drug release (98.03% of drug release in 6 hours). Thus, compression coated tablets with a clear lag time before drug release is a potentially useful formulation for the treatment of Rheumatoid arthritis, Osteoarthritis, Dysmenorrhoea, Asthama which follows circadian rhythm. Keywords: Flurbiprofen, HPMC K 15M, HPMC K100M, Karaya Gum, Sodium Alginate, Press coated method, Pulsatile drug delivery.

The study was to formulate and evaluate chitosan film containing tobramycin which will give local action for the treatment of periodontitis. Chitosan film containing tobramycin was prepared by solvent casting method. IR studies were done to determine the compatibility of drug with the polymer. Minimum inhibitory concentration of tobramycin was done by cup-plate method. The films were evaluated for their physicochemical properties like weight variation, thickness, drug content uniformity, folding endurance, % moisture loss, tensile strength and stability. Drug content uniformity was performed on Staphylococcus aureus. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies were done to determine the surface characteristics of the film.IR studies revealed that there is compatibility of drug with the polymer. Minimum inhibitory concentration of tobramycin was found to be 1 μg/ml. The physiochemical properties of the film showed good results.

Keywords: Chitosan, Dental film, Periodontitis, Tobramycin.

ABSTRACT Traditionally, drugs are released in an immediate or extended fashion. However, in recent years, pulsatile drug release systems are gaining growing interest. A pulsatile drug release, where the drug is released rapidly after a well defined lag-time, they deliver the drug at the right time, at the right site of action and in the right amount, which provides more benefit than conventional dosages. These systems are designed according to the circadian rhythm of the body, and the drug is released rapidly and completely as a pulse after a lag time. Pulsatile drug delivery systems (PDDS) can be classified into time controlled systems where the drug release is controlled primarily by the delivery system, stimuli induced PDDS in which release is controlled by the stimuli, such as the pH or enzymes present in the intestinal tract and externally regulated system where release is programmed by external stimuli like magnetism, ultrasound, and irradiation. Marketed technologies, such as Pulsin cap, Diffu caps, chronotherapeutic oral drug absorption system (CODAS), OROS and PULSYS, follow the above mechanism to render a sigmoidal drug release profile. Diseases wherein PDDS are promising include asthma, peptic ulcers, cardiovascular ailments, arthritis and attention deficit syndrome in children and hypercholesterolemia. Pulsatile drug delivery systems have the potential to bring new developments in the therapy of many diseases. Keywords: Pulsatile drug delivery, Pulsin cap, Diffu caps, CODAS, OROS, PULSYS.

ABSTRACT Preservatives and antimicrobials are commonly used in cosmetic and toiletry products in order to increase the shelf life of the products. Thus the effective concentration of these chemical agents is one of the most critical points in formulation of cosmetics/ toiletries. Though there are some standard tests to determine the efficiency of antimicrobial preservatives in personal care products, no effective method is available that could determine the in situ presence of the antimicrobials and whether the required concentration is achieved within the final product. Personal care products when assayed for their anti-microbial contents by routine methods suffer due to the inherent turbidity of the product, thus the conventional method was miniaturized using a 96 well microtitre plate. An indicator colorimetric assay was developed to overcome the routinely used two step system of determining the MIC and MCB by test tube dilution followed by agar spotting. The methods were compared and assessed to develop a standardized technique for determining the in situ minimum inhibitory concentration of the preservative in cosmetic and toiletry formulations with the micro dilution assay being most accurate followed by micro dilution indicator dye assay followed by the conventional macro dilution assay. Keywords: Antimicrobials, Cosmetic preservatives, Micro dilution assay, Macro dilution assay, Indicator dye assay, 2, 3, 5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (tetrazolium salt).

ABSTRACT Solubility is an essential factor for drug effectiveness, independent of the route of administration. Poorly soluble drugs are often a challenging task for formulators in the industry. Large proportions of newly discovered drugs are water insoluble, and therefore poorly bioavailable contributing to deserted development effort. Nanosuspension technology solved the problem of drugs which are poorly aqueous soluble and less bioavailability. Stability and bioavailability of the drugs can be improved by the Nanosuspension technology. Preparation of Nanosuspension is Simple and applicable to all drugs which are insoluble in water. Nanosuspensions are prepared by using wet mill, high pressure homogenizer, emulsion‐solvent evaporation, melt emulsification method and super critical fluid techniques. Nanosuspensions can be delivered by oral, Parenteral, pulmonary and ocular routes. Nanosuspensions can also be used for targeted drug delivery when incorporated in the ocular inserts and mucoadhesive hydro gels. Keywords: Nanosuspension, Solubility enhancement, Bioavailability.