ABSTRACT

Solid lipid nanoparticles are emerging as alternative carriers to colloidal systems for controlled and targeted drug delivery. SLNs combine the advantages of different colloidal carriers, like emulsions, liposome’s, (physically acceptable) polymeric nanoparticles (controlled drug release from lipid matrix) etc. Additional advantages include, lack of coalescence after reaching to room temperature, better physical stability and lack of appreciable drug leakage from the particles. In recent years much work has been focused in the development of SLNs as delivery systems for anticancer drugs, peptides, genetic material, cosmetics etc. SLNs find applications in site specific drug delivery, local action, and enhancement of bioavailability.

Key words: Solid lipid nanoparticles, colloidal carriers, nanoparticles, bioavailability.

ABSTRACT

Multiple sclerosis affects the ability of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord to communicate with each other. Nerve cells communicate by sending electrical signals called action potentials down long fibers called axons, which are wrapped in an insulating substance called myelin. In Multiple sclerosis, the body own immune system attacks and damages the myelin. When myelin is lost, the axons can no longer effectively conduct signals. Multiple sclerosis is characterized by inflammation and demyelination of white matter in the brain and spinal cord. The myelin sheath influences the rate of nerve impulse conduct with transmission being more rapid in myelinated nerve fibers. In Multiple sclerosis, an auto immune response is evoked that causes the body to attack its own myelin. The disease is usually characterized by a relapsing remitting course in the early stages, with full or nearly full recovery initially. It is known from previous studies of the natural history of Multiple sclerosis, that a high frequency of clinical relapses over the first years is associated with an increased risk of later deterioration. Based on this observation and the inflammatory reactions described in Multiple sclerosis there are reasons to initiate treatment as early as possible to prevent axonal damage and irreversible damage.

Keywords: Multiple sclerosis, Clinical manifestations, Clinical management, Pathophysiology.

ABSTRACT

The molecular chaperones are the molecules that help the cell in effective refolding of misfolded proteins and also removal of proteins that cannot be refolded properly. These chaperones are produced in the cell only under some specific signals like the stress conditions and other unfavourable conditions faced by the cell. However, there must be a balance between the misfolded proteins and the chaperones present in the cell. Sometimes unknowingly, the chaperones can also cause a great damage to the cell. As we know that mutations occur naturally in a cell‘s DNA, some of them may be deleterious to the cell. If the mutation is deleterious, the cell undergoes apoptosis and if the mutation is resistible, the cell survives. In such resistible mutations, the chaperones silence the effect of mutation and allow the cell to survive. When the organism grows old, the chaperones become inefficient and the silenced mutations get exposed all at once leading to a large number of complications.

ABSTRACT

The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the safety of an ethanol extract of Ficus glomerata L. (EEFG) by determining its potential toxicity after acute and chronic administration in rats. Study on acute toxicity of extract found to be safe at the doses 2000mg/kg body weight orally as per OECD guidelines No.423. General behavior adverse effects and mortality were determined for up to 14 days. In the chronic toxicity study, the EEFG was administered orally at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg once in a week for 6 weeks to rats. Biochemical and hematological parameters were determined after 6 weeks. In the acute study in rats, there was no toxicity/ death was observed at the dose of 2000mg/kg b.w. The onset of toxicity and signs of toxicity also not there. In the chronic toxicity study, no significant treatment-related changes in the levels of haematological, hepatic and renal parameters such as SGOT, SGPT, cholesterol, creatinine, urea, uric acid, protein and glucose, and serum ALP activities were observed at the termination of the study. It suggests that the ethanol extract of Ficus glomerata L. does not appear to have significant toxicity. In view of the dose of Ficus glomerata L. consumed in traditional medicine, there is a wide margin of safety for the therapeutic use of the ethanol extract of Ficus glomerata L.

Key words: Ficus glomerata L, Traditional Medicine, Acute and Chronic Toxicity, Heamatological Parameters, Biochemical Parameters.

ABSTRACT

Biopharmaceuticals, which include proteins, DNA, vaccines and other biologically related molecules, make up one of the fastest growing segments of the overall pharmaceutical market. However, there are significant delivery limitations. Specifically, oral delivery is difficult due to Poor absorption and degradation that occurs in the GI tract and liver and more sensitive drugs including proteins must survive the harsh environment of gastro intestinal tract. Transdermal drug delivery is an attractive alternative that involves transport of drugs across skin from a patch. This present review focused to increase the skin permeability different methods like chemical enhancers, electric fields, ultra sound and thermal methods have been approached. However the application of these has been limited because of strong barrier function of the skin. The future of drug delivery is assured to be significantly influenced by micro fabrication technologies. These micro fabricated drug delivery devices can enable efficient drug delivery that was unattainable with conventional drug delivery techniques, resulting in the enhancement of the therapeutic activity of a drug.

Keywords: Transdermal drug delivery, Microneedles, Biodegradable Polymer.